Nyumba yokhazikika

Nyumba yokhazikika

Nyumba yomangidwa kale, mwadala prefab, ndi nyumba yomwe imapangidwa ndi kumangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito prefabrication.Zimapangidwa ndi zigawo zopangidwa ndi fakitale kapena mayunitsi omwe amanyamulidwa ndikusonkhanitsidwa pamalopo kuti apange nyumba yonse.

Nyumba zakhala zikumangidwa pamalo amodzi ndikuphatikizanso kwina m'mbiri yonse.Izi zinali zowona makamaka pazochitika zam'manja, kapena kumidzi yatsopano.Elmina Castle, linga loyamba la akapolo ku West Africa, linalinso nyumba yoyamba yopangidwa ku Europe ku Sub-saharan Africa. mofulumira disassembled ndi anasuntha osachepera kamodzi.John Rollo anafotokoza mu 1801 kagwiritsidwe kake ka zipatala zonyamulika ku West Indies.[2]Mwinamwake nyumba yoyamba yolengezedwa yokonzedweratu inali "nyumba ya Manning".Mmisiri wa matabwa wa ku London, Henry Manning, anamanga nyumba imene inamangidwa m’zigawo zina, kenako anaitumiza ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu ochokera ku Britain.Izi zinasindikizidwa panthawiyo (zotsatsa, South Australian Record, 1837) ndipo ochepa adayimabe ku Australia.Imodzi mwa zotere ndi Friends Meeting House, Adelaide. [4] [5]Chaka chapamwamba cha kuitanitsa nyumba zonyamula katundu ku Australia chinali 1853, pamene mazana angapo anafika.Izi zadziwika kuti zikuchokera ku Liverpool, Boston ndi Singapore (ndi malangizo achi China oti asonkhanitsenso).Ku Barbados nyumba ya Chattel inali nyumba yomangidwa kale yomwe idapangidwa ndi akapolo omasulidwa omwe anali ndi ufulu womanga pamalo omwe sanali awo.Popeza nyumbazi zinali zosunthika, mwalamulo ankaziona ngati zocheza.[7]

Mu 1855 pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Crimea, Florence Nightingale atalemba kalata ku The Times, Isambard Kingdom Brunel anapatsidwa ntchito yokonza chipatala chokhazikika.M'miyezi isanu adapanga Chipatala cha Renkioi: chipatala cha odwala 1,000, chokhala ndi luso laukhondo, mpweya wabwino komanso chimbudzi chothamangitsira.[8]Wopanga William Eassie anamanga mayunitsi 16 ofunikira ku Gloucester Docks, kutumizidwa mwachindunji ku Dardanelles.Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira pa Marichi 1856 mpaka Seputembara 1857, zidachepetsa kufa kwa 42% mpaka 3.5%.

Nyumba zoyamba zapadziko lapansi zomangidwa kale, zomangidwa kale zidapangidwa ku Liverpool.Dongosolo linapangidwa ndi injiniya wa mzinda John Alexander Brodie, yemwe katswiri wake waluso adamupangitsanso kupanga ukonde wa zolinga za mpira.Ma tram stables ku Walton ku Liverpool adatsatira mu 1906. Lingalirolo silinatengedwe kwambiri ku Britain, komabe linavomerezedwa kwambiri kwina, makamaka ku Eastern Europe.

Nyumba zopangiratu zidapangidwa panthawi ya Gold Rush ku United States, pomwe zida zidapangidwa kuti ofufuza aku California amange mwachangu malo ogona.Nyumba zinalipo m'mapangidwe a zida ndi oda ya makalata ku United States mu 1908.[9]

Nyumba zokonzedweratu zinali zotchuka panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse chifukwa cha kufunika kokhala ndi anthu ambiri ankhondo.Dziko la United States linkagwiritsa ntchito nyumba za Quonset ngati nyumba zankhondo, ndipo ku United Kingdom nyumba zomangidwa kale zinali ndi nyumba za Nissen ndi Bellman Hangars.'Prefabs' idamangidwa nkhondo itatha ngati njira yoperekera nyumba zabwino komanso zotsika mtengo m'malo mwa nyumba zomwe zidawonongeka panthawi ya Blitz.Kuchulukirachulukira kwa nyumba zomangidwa kale m'dziko lonselo kudachitika chifukwa cha Komiti ya Burt ndi Lamulo la Nyumba (Nyumba Zokhalitsa) Act 1944. Pansi pa pulogalamu yanyumba ya Ministry of Works Emergency Factory Made, ndondomeko idapangidwa ndikuyitanidwa ndi zomangamanga ndi zopanga zosiyanasiyana. makampani.Pambuyo pa chivomerezo cha MoW, makampani atha kuyitanitsa njira zachitukuko zotsogozedwa ndi Council, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti magawo onse a prefabs amangidwe kuti apereke malo ogona kwa omwe adasowa pokhala ndi Nkhondo komanso chilolezo chopitilira m'midzi.[10]Pafupifupi 160,000 adamangidwa ku UK pofika 1948 pamtengo wokwana £216 miliyoni.Malo aakulu kwambiri opangidwa ndi prefab ku Britain[11] anali ku Belle Vale (South Liverpool), kumene oposa 1,100 anamangidwa pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. nthawi.
Amersham Prefab (COAM) -chipinda chakutsogolo chowonetsa moto wamafuta olimba
Zokonzedweratu zinali zolunjika kwa mabanja, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi holo yolowera, zipinda ziwiri (makolo ndi ana), bafa (chipinda chokhala ndi bafa) - chomwe chinali chatsopano kwa a Britons ambiri panthawiyo, chimbudzi chosiyana, chipinda chochezera. ndi khitchini yokhala ndi zida (zosakwanira m'lingaliro lamakono).Zomangamanga zinali zitsulo, aluminiyamu, matabwa kapena asibesito, kutengera mtundu wa nyumba.Aluminium Type B2 prefab idapangidwa ngati zigawo zinayi zolumikizidwa kale zomwe zitha kunyamulidwa ndi lori kulikonse mdziko muno.[12]
Khitchini ya Amersham Prefab (COAM)-yowonetsa chophika cha Belling, chotenthetsera cha Ascot ndi furiji
Universal House (chithunzi kumanzere & malo ochezeramo kumanja) idaperekedwa ku Chiltern Open Air Museum pambuyo pa zaka 40 kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi.Mark 3 idapangidwa ndi Universal Housing Company Ltd, Rickmansworth.

United States idagwiritsa ntchito nyumba zopangira zida zankhondo panthawi yankhondo komanso ma GI obwerera kwawo.Zipinda zophunzirira zokonzekera zinali zodziwika bwino ndi masukulu aku UK akuwonjezera ma rolls awo panthawi yakukula kwa ma 1950s ndi 1960s.

Nyumba zambiri zinamangidwa ndi moyo wa zaka zisanu ndi khumi, koma zaposa izi, ndipo ziwerengero zidakalipo lero.Mwachitsanzo, mu 2002 mzinda wa Bristol unali ndi anthu okhala m'zitsanzo 700.[13]Makhonsolo ambiri aku UK akhala akugwetsa zitsanzo zomaliza za Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse kuti agwirizane ndi Decent Homes Standard ya boma la Britain, yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito mu 2010. yomanga kuti alipire kusowa kwa nyumba ku United Kingdom komwe kulipo tsopano.[tikufunika]

Prefabs ndi modernist movement

Akatswiri a zomangamanga akuphatikiza zojambula zamakono m'nyumba zomangidwa kale zamakono.Nyumba zomangidwa kale siziyeneranso kufananizidwa ndi nyumba yoyenda m'njira yowoneka bwino, koma ndi kapangidwe kamakono kovutirapo.[14]Pakhalanso kuwonjezeka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo "zobiriwira" pomanga nyumba za prefab izi.Ogula amatha kusankha mosavuta pakati pa zomaliza zosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe ndi makina a khoma.Popeza kuti nyumba zimenezi zimamangidwa m’zigawo zina, n’zosavuta kuti eni nyumba awonjezere zipinda zina kapenanso mapanelo adzuwa padenga.Nyumba zambiri za prefab zimatha kusinthidwa malinga ndi komwe kasitomala ali komanso nyengo yake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyumba za prefab zikhale zosinthika komanso zamakono kuposa kale.

Pali zeitgeist kapena chizolowezi muzomangamanga ndipo mzimu wazaka umakonda kagawo kakang'ono ka kaboni ka "prefab".

Kuchita bwino
Ntchito yomanga nyumba zomangidwa kale yafika bwino kwambiri ku China kotero kuti womanga ku Changsha anamanga nyumba yansanjika khumi m'maola 28 ndi mphindi 45.[15][16]

M'mayiko achikomyunizimu
Mayiko ambiri a kum’maŵa kwa Ulaya anawonongeka panthaŵi ya nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse ndipo chuma chawo chinali choipa kwambiri.Panafunika kumanganso mizinda yomwe inali itawonongeka kwambiri chifukwa cha nkhondo.Mwachitsanzo, Warsaw anali atawonongedwa pang'onopang'ono pansi pa chiwonongeko cha Warsaw ndi asilikali a Germany pambuyo pa Zipolowe za Warsaw za 1944.Pakatikati pa Dresden, Germany, anali atawonongedwa kotheratu ndi mabomba ophulika a Allied 1945.Stalingrad inali itawonongedwa kwambiri ndipo nyumba zochepa chabe ndizo zinatsalira.

Nyumba zomangidwa kale zidakhala njira yotsika mtengo komanso yofulumira yochepetsera kusowa kwakukulu kwa nyumba komwe kumakhudzana ndi chiwonongeko chanthawi yankhondo komanso mizinda yayikulu komanso kuthawa kumidzi.