chitoliro chachitsulo

Chitoliro
Chitoliro ndi gawo la tubular kapena silinda yopanda kanthu, nthawi zambiri koma osati yozungulira yozungulira, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popereka zinthu zomwe zimatha kuyenda - zakumwa ndi mpweya (zamadzimadzi), slurries, ufa ndi unyinji wa zolimba zazing'ono.Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pazinthu zamapangidwe;chitoliro chopanda kanthu ndi cholimba kwambiri pa kulemera kwa unit kuposa ziwalo zolimba.

Kawirikawiri mawu akuti chitoliro ndi chubu nthawi zambiri amasinthasintha, koma mumakampani ndi uinjiniya, mawuwa amafotokozedwa mwapadera.Kutengera mulingo womwe umapangidwira, chitoliro nthawi zambiri chimatchulidwa ndi mainchesi omwe amakhala ndi mainchesi akunja (OD) ndi ndondomeko yomwe imatanthawuza makulidwe.Tube nthawi zambiri imatchulidwa ndi OD ndi makulidwe a khoma, koma imatha kufotokozedwa ndi awiri a OD, mkati mwake (ID), ndi makulidwe a khoma.Chitoliro nthawi zambiri amapangidwa motsatira mfundo zingapo zapadziko lonse lapansi komanso zamakampani. [1]Ngakhale kuti miyeso yofananira ilipo pamachubu ogwiritsira ntchito makampani, chubu nthawi zambiri imapangidwa molingana ndi kukula kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa ma diameter ndi kulolerana.Miyezo yambiri ya mafakitale ndi yaboma ilipo popanga mapaipi ndi machubu.Mawu oti "chubu" amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri ku zigawo zopanda ma cylindrical, mwachitsanzo, machubu a square kapena amakona anayi.Nthawi zambiri, mawu akuti "chitoliro" ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe mawu akuti "chubu" amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku United States.

Onse "paipi" ndi "chubu" amatanthauza mulingo wa kulimba ndi kukhazikika, pomwe payipi (kapena payipi) nthawi zambiri imakhala yosunthika komanso yosinthika.Misonkhano yapaipi imapangidwa nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito zida monga zigongono, mateti, ndi zina zotero, pomwe machubu amatha kupangidwa kapena kupindika pamasinthidwe achikhalidwe.Kwa zipangizo zomwe zimakhala zosasunthika, sizingapangidwe, kapena kumene kumanga kumayendetsedwa ndi zizindikiro kapena miyezo, misonkhano ya chubu imamangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito zida za chubu.

Ntchito
Kuyika mapaipi mumsewu ku Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Kumanga mabomba
Madzi apampopi
Kuthirira
Mapaipi otengera gasi kapena madzi mtunda wautali
Makina oponderezedwa a mpweya
Kuyika milu ya konkriti yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga
Njira zopangira kutentha kwambiri kapena kupanikizika kwambiri
Makampani a petroleum:
Chophimba bwino cha mafuta
Zida zoyeretsera mafuta
Kutumiza zamadzimadzi, za gasi kapena zamadzimadzi, munjira yopangira zinthu kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kumalo ena
Kutumiza zolimba zochulukirapo, muzakudya kapena zomangira kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kumalo ena
Kupanga ziwiya zosungirako zothamanga kwambiri (zindikirani kuti zotengera zazikulu zimamangidwa kuchokera ku mbale, osati mapaipi chifukwa cha makulidwe awo ndi kukula kwake).
Kuonjezera apo, mapaipi amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zambiri zomwe siziphatikizapo kutumizira madzimadzi.Zomangamanga zamanja, masikelo, ndi zida zothandizira nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa kuchokera ku mipope yomangika, makamaka m'malo ogulitsa.

Kupanga
Nkhani yayikulu: Kujambula kwa chubu
Pali njira zitatu zopangira chitoliro chazitsulo.Kuponyedwa kwachitsulo chapakati chazitsulo zotentha ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika kwambiri.

Chitoliro chopanda msoko (SMLS) chimapangidwa pojambula billet yolimba pamwamba pa ndodo yoboola kuti ipange chipolopolocho potchedwa kuboola kwa rotary.Monga momwe kupanga sikuphatikiza kuwotcherera kulikonse, mapaipi opanda msoko amadziwika kuti ndi amphamvu komanso odalirika.M'mbuyomu, chitoliro chopanda msoko chinkawoneka ngati chotha kupirira bwino kuposa mitundu ina, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimapezeka kuposa chitoliro chowotcherera.

Zotsogola kuyambira m'ma 1970 pazida, kuwongolera njira, komanso kuyesa kosawononga, kulola chitoliro cholumikizidwa bwino kuti chilowe m'malo opanda msoko muzogwiritsa ntchito zambiri.Welded chitoliro chimapangidwa ndi kugudubuza mbale ndi kuwotcherera msoko (nthawi zambiri ndi Electric resistance kuwotcherera ("ERW"), kapena Electric Fusion Welding ("EFW")).Kung'anima kwa weld kumatha kuchotsedwa mkati ndi kunja pogwiritsa ntchito scarfing blade.Malo otsetsereka amathanso kutenthedwa kuti msoko uwoneke.Chitoliro chowotcherera nthawi zambiri chimakhala chololera mokulirapo kuposa chamtundu wopanda msoko, ndipo chimatha kukhala chotsika mtengo kupanga.

Pali njira zingapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga mapaipi a ERW.Iliyonse mwa njirazi imatsogolera ku coalescence kapena kuphatikiza zigawo zachitsulo mu mapaipi.Mphamvu yamagetsi imadutsa pamalo omwe amayenera kuwotcherera pamodzi;monga zigawo zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa palimodzi zimatsutsa mphamvu yamagetsi, kutentha kumapangidwa komwe kumapanga weld.Maiwe achitsulo chosungunula amapangidwa kumene malo awiriwa amalumikizidwa ngati mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi imadutsa muzitsulo;maiwe awa azitsulo zosungunula amapanga weld yomwe imamanga zigawo ziwiri zotsekedwa.

Mapaipi a ERW amapangidwa kuchokera ku kuwotcherera kotalika kwachitsulo.Kuwotcherera kwa mapaipi a ERW ndi kosalekeza, mosiyana ndi kuwotcherera kwa zigawo zosiyana pakapita nthawi.Njira ya ERW imagwiritsa ntchito koyilo yachitsulo ngati chakudya.
Njira yowotcherera ya High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapaipi a ERW.Pochita izi, chowotcherera chitoliro chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito koyilo yolowera kuzungulira chubu.HFI nthawi zambiri imawonedwa kuti ndiyopambana mwaukadaulo kuposa ERW "yawamba" popanga mapaipi azinthu zofunikira kwambiri, monga zogwiritsidwa ntchito pagawo lamagetsi, kuphatikiza pakugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi amizere, komanso posungira ndi machubu.
Chitoliro cham'mimba mwake chachikulu (masentimita 25 (10 mu) kapena kupitilira apo) chingakhale chitoliro cha ERW, EFW kapena Submerged Arc Welded ("SAW").Pali matekinoloje awiri omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mipope yachitsulo kukula kwake kuposa mipope yachitsulo yomwe imatha kupangidwa ndi njira zopanda msoko ndi ERW.Mitundu iwiri ya mapaipi opangidwa kudzera mu matekinolojewa ndi arc-welded longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) ndi spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW).LSAW amapangidwa ndi kupinda ndi kuwotcherera mbale zitsulo zambiri ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakampani amafuta ndi gasi.Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwake, mapaipi a LSAW sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pazinthu zopanda mphamvu zopanda mphamvu monga mapaipi amadzi.Mapaipi a SSAW amapangidwa ndi kuwotcherera kwa spiral (helicoidal) kwa koyilo yachitsulo ndipo amakhala ndi mtengo wopindulitsa pa mapaipi a LSAW, chifukwa njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito ma coils osati mbale zachitsulo.Momwemonso, pamapulogalamu omwe spiral-weld amavomerezedwa, mapaipi a SSAW atha kukhala abwino kuposa mapaipi a LSAW.Mapaipi onse a LSAW ndi ma SSAW amapikisana motsutsana ndi mapaipi a ERW ndi mapaipi opanda msoko m'mimba mwake ya 16"-24".

Machubu oyenda, kaya zitsulo kapena pulasitiki, nthawi zambiri amatuluka
Zipangizo

Madzi akale ochokera ku Philadelphia anali ndi mapaipi amatabwa
Chitoliro chimapangidwa ndi mitundu yambiri ya zinthu monga ceramic, galasi, fiberglass, zitsulo zambiri, konkire ndi pulasitiki.Kale, nkhuni ndi mtovu (Chilatini plumbum, kumene kumachokera mawu oti 'plumbing') ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mofala.

Nthawi zambiri, mapaipi azitsulo amapangidwa ndi chitsulo kapena chitsulo, monga chitsulo chosamalizidwa, chakuda (lacquer), chitsulo cha carbon, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitsulo chagalasi, mkuwa, ndi chitsulo cha ductile.Mipope yotengera chitsulo imatha kuwonongeka ngati itagwiritsidwa ntchito mumtsinje wamadzi wokhala ndi okosijeni wambiri.[2]Chitoliro cha aluminiyamu kapena chubu chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chitsulo sichikugwirizana ndi madzi amadzimadzi kapena pamene kulemera ndikodetsa nkhawa;aluminiyamu imagwiritsidwanso ntchito potengera kutentha kwa machubu monga mumakina a refrigerant.Machubu a mkuwa ndi otchuka pamadzi am'nyumba (othira) mapaipi amadzimadzi;mkuwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito pamene kutentha kuli kofunika (ie ma radiator kapena makina otenthetsera).Ma Inconel, chrome moly, ndi titaniyamu zitsulo zotayira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri komanso kukakamiza mapaipi pokonza ndi magetsi.Pofotokoza ma alloys azinthu zatsopano, zovuta zodziwika za kukwapula ndi kudziwitsa anthu ziyenera kuganiziridwa.

Mipope ya mtovu ikupezekabe m'makina akale a m'nyumba ndi m'malo ena ogawa madzi, koma saloledwanso kukhazikitsa mapaipi amadzi amchere chifukwa cha kawopsedwe.Malamulo ambiri omangira tsopano amafuna kuti mipope yolowera m'nyumba zokhalamo kapena yokhazikitsidwa ndi malo okhazikitsidwa ndi mipopi yopanda poizoni kapena kuti mkati mwa machubuwo athandizidwe ndi phosphoric acid.Malinga ndi wofufuza wamkulu komanso katswiri wotsogola wa bungwe la Canadian Environmental Law Association, “…palibe mulingo wabwinobwino wa mtovu [wowonekera kwa anthu]”.[3]Mu 1991 US EPA idapereka Lamulo Lotsogolera ndi Mkuwa, ndi lamulo la federal lomwe limaletsa kuchuluka kwa mtovu ndi mkuwa wololedwa m'madzi akumwa a anthu onse, komanso kuchuluka kovomerezeka kwa chitoliro chomwe chimachitika chifukwa chamadzi omwewo.Ku US akuyerekezedwa kuti mizere yotsogolera yokwana 6.5 miliyoni (mipope yomwe imalumikiza mitsinje yamadzi ndi mapaipi apakhomo) idakhazikitsidwa zaka za m'ma 1930 isanakwane akugwirabe ntchito.[4]

Machubu apulasitiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kopepuka, kukana kwa mankhwala, zinthu zosawononga, komanso kupanga zolumikizana mosavuta.Zida zamapulasitiki zikuphatikizapo polyvinyl chloride (PVC), [5] chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), fiber reinforced plastic (FRP), [6] reinforced polymer mortar (RPMP), [6] polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), mtanda -olumikizidwa ndi polyethylene yapamwamba kwambiri (PEX), polybutylene (PB), ndi acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), mwachitsanzo.M'mayiko ambiri, mapaipi a PVC amakhala ndi zida zambiri zamapaipi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo okwiriridwa am'matauni pogawa madzi akumwa ndi ma mains amadzi onyansa.Ofufuza zamsika akulosera ndalama zonse zapadziko lonse lapansi zopitilira US$80 biliyoni mu 2019. [7]Ku Europe, mtengo wamsika udzakhala pafupifupi.€ 12.7 biliyoni mu 2020 [8]

Chitoliro chikhoza kupangidwa kuchokera ku konkire kapena ceramic, nthawi zambiri zogwiritsira ntchito zochepetsera mphamvu monga mphamvu yokoka kapena ngalande.Mapaipi a zimbudzi amapangidwabe kuchokera ku konkriti kapena dongo lopangidwa ndi vitrified.Konkire yokhazikika imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamapaipi a konkriti okhala ndi mainchesi akulu.Chitoliro ichi chingagwiritsidwe ntchito mumitundu yambiri yomanga, ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendetsa mphamvu yokoka ya madzi a mkuntho.Nthawi zambiri chitoliro choterechi chimakhala ndi belu lolandirira kapena cholumikizira, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosindikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuyika.

Traceability and positive material intification (PMI)
Ma alloys a mapaipi akapangidwa, kuyezetsa kwazitsulo kumachitika kuti adziwe zomwe zidapangidwa ndi % ya chinthu chilichonse chamankhwala papaipi, ndipo zotsatira zake zimalembedwa mu Lipoti la Mayeso a Material (MTR).Mayesowa angagwiritsidwe ntchito kutsimikizira kuti aloyiyo ikugwirizana ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana (mwachitsanzo 316 SS).Mayesowa amasindikizidwa ndi dipatimenti ya mphero ya QA/QC ndipo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutsata zomwe azigwiritsa ntchito mtsogolo, monga opanga mapaipi ndi zoyezera.Kusunga kutsatiridwa pakati pa zinthu za alloy ndi MTR yogwirizana ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri yotsimikizira khalidwe.QA nthawi zambiri imafuna kuti nambala ya kutentha ilembedwe pa chitoliro.Kusamala kuyeneranso kutsatiridwa popewa kuyambitsa zinthu zabodza.Monga zosunga zobwezeretsera ku etching/kulemba za chizindikiritso cha zinthu pa chitoliro, chizindikiritso cha zinthu zabwino (PMI) chimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cham'manja;chipangizocho chimayang'ana chitolirocho pogwiritsa ntchito mafunde a electromagnetic (x-ray fluorescence/XRF) ndi kulandira yankho lomwe limawunikidwa mowonekera.

Makulidwe
Nkhani yayikulu: Kukula Kwapaipi Mwadzina
Kukula kwa mapaipi kumatha kusokoneza chifukwa mawuwa atha kukhala okhudzana ndi mbiri yakale.Mwachitsanzo, chitoliro chachitsulo cha theka la inchi sichikhala ndi kukula kwake komwe kuli theka la inchi.Poyamba, chitolirocho chinali ndi mainchesi 1⁄2 mkati mwake, koma chinalinso ndi makoma ochindikala.Ukadaulo ukakhala kuti ukuyenda bwino, makoma ocheperako adakhala otheka, koma m'mimba mwake adakhalabe chimodzimodzi kuti agwirizane ndi chitoliro chakale, ndikuwonjezera m'mimba mwake kupitilira theka la inchi.Mbiri ya chitoliro chamkuwa ndi yofanana.M’zaka za m’ma 1930, chitolirocho chinkadziwika ndi m’mimba mwake komanso kukula kwake kwa khoma la 1⁄16 inchi (1.6 mm).Motero, chitoliro chamkuwa cha inchi imodzi (25 mm) chinali ndi mainchesi 1+1⁄8 (28.58 mm) kunja kwake.M'mimba mwake yakunja ndiyo inali gawo lofunika kwambiri pokwerera ndi zolumikizira.Kukhuthala kwa khoma pa mkuwa wamakono nthawi zambiri kumakhala kocheperako kuposa 1⁄16-inch (1.6 mm), motero m'mimba mwake ndi "mwadzidzidzi" chabe m'malo mowongolera.Ukadaulo waposachedwa wapaipi nthawi zina umatenga kachitidwe kake ngati kake.Chitoliro cha PVC chimagwiritsa ntchito Kukula kwa Chitoliro Chodziwika.

Kukula kwa mapaipi kumatchulidwa ndi miyezo yambiri ya dziko ndi mayiko, kuphatikizapo API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M ndi B36.19M ku US, BS 1600 ndi BS EN 10255 ku United Kingdom ndi Europe.

Pali njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino zopangira chitoliro kunja kwake (OD).Njira ya ku North America imatchedwa NPS ("Nominal Pipe Size") ndipo imachokera pa mainchesi (omwe amatchedwanso NB ("Nominal Bore").Mtundu waku Europe umatchedwa DN ("Diametre Nominal" / "Nominal Diameter") ndipo watengera mamilimita.Kupanga m'mimba mwake kumapangitsa mipope yofanana kukula kuti igwirizane mosasamala kanthu za makulidwe a khoma.

Kwa kukula kwa mapaipi osakwana NPS 14 inch (DN 350), njira zonsezi zimapereka mtengo wamba wa OD womwe umazunguliridwa ndipo siwofanana ndi OD yeniyeni.Mwachitsanzo, NPS 2 inchi ndi DN 50 ndi chitoliro chomwecho, koma OD yeniyeni ndi mainchesi 2.375 kapena mamilimita 60.33.Njira yokhayo yopezera OD yeniyeni ndikuyiyang'ana patebulo lofotokozera.
Kwa kukula kwa chitoliro cha NPS 14 inchi (DN 350) ndi kukula kwa NPS ndi kukula kwenikweni kwa mainchesi ndipo kukula kwa DN ndi kofanana ndi NPS nthawi 25 (osati 25.4) yozungulira kuti ikhale yochuluka ya 50. Mwachitsanzo, NPS 14 ili ndi OD ya mainchesi 14 kapena 355.60 mamilimita, ndipo ndi yofanana ndi DN 350.
Popeza m'mimba mwake yakunja imayikidwa pa kukula kwake kwa chitoliro, m'mimba mwake imasiyana malinga ndi makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro.Mwachitsanzo, 2 ″ Chitoliro cha 80 chili ndi makoma okulirapo motero ndi yaying'ono mkati mwake kuposa 2 ″ Chitoliro 40.

Chitoliro chachitsulo chapangidwa kwa zaka pafupifupi 150.Makulidwe a chitoliro omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano mu PVC ndi malata adapangidwa zaka zapitazo kuti apange chitoliro chachitsulo.Manambala, monga Sch 40, 80, 160, adakhazikitsidwa kalekale ndipo akuwoneka ngati osamvetseka.Mwachitsanzo, chitoliro cha Sch 20 ndi chocheperapo kuposa Sch 40, koma OD yomweyo.Ndipo pamene mapaipiwa amachokera ku kukula kwa chitoliro chakale chachitsulo, pali chitoliro china, monga cpvc cha madzi otentha, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito kukula kwa chitoliro, mkati ndi kunja, kutengera miyeso yakale ya kukula kwa chitoliro m'malo mwachitsulo.

Miyezo yambiri yosiyanasiyana ilipo ya kukula kwa mipope, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mafakitale ndi malo.Kukula kwa chitoliro kumaphatikizapo manambala awiri;imodzi yomwe imasonyeza kunja (OD) kapena m'mimba mwake mwadzina, ndi ina yomwe imasonyeza makulidwe a khoma.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, chitoliro cha ku America chinali kukula ndi mkati mwake.Mchitidwewu udasiyidwa kuti ugwirizane ndi zida zapaipi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimayenera kukwanira OD ya chitoliro, koma zakhudza nthawi zonse pamiyezo yamakono padziko lonse lapansi.

Ku North America ndi UK, kupopera kwapaipi nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa ndi Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) ndi schedule (SCH).Makulidwe a mapaipi amalembedwa ndi miyezo ingapo, kuphatikiza API 5L, ANSI/ASME B36.10M (Table 1) ku US, ndi BS 1600 ndi BS 1387 ku United Kingdom.Kawirikawiri makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro ndizomwe zimayendetsedwa, ndipo Mkati mwa Diameter (ID) amaloledwa kusiyanasiyana.Kuchuluka kwa khoma la chitoliro kumakhala ndi kusiyana kwa pafupifupi 12.5 peresenti.

M'madera ena onse a ku Ulaya kupopera kwapaipi kumagwiritsa ntchito ma ID a mapaipi omwewo ndi makulidwe a khoma monga Kukula Kwapaipi Kwadzidzidzi, koma amawalemba ndi metric Diameter Nominal (DN) m'malo mwa NPS yachifumu.Kwa NPS yokulirapo kuposa 14, DN ndi yofanana ndi NPS yochulukitsidwa ndi 25. (Osati 25.4) Izi zalembedwa ndi EN 10255 (kale DIN 2448 ndi BS 1387) ndi ISO 65:1981, ndipo nthawi zambiri imatchedwa DIN kapena ISO pipe .

Japan ili ndi miyeso yakeyake yamapaipi, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa chitoliro cha JIS.

Kukula kwa chitoliro cha Iron (IPS) ndi njira yakale yomwe imagwiritsidwabe ntchito ndi opanga ena ndi zojambula zakale ndi zida.Nambala ya IPS ndi yofanana ndi nambala ya NPS, koma madongosolo anali ochepa ku Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong (XS), ndi Double Extra Strong (XXS).STD ndi yofanana ndi SCH 40 ya NPS 1/8 mpaka NPS 10, kuphatikizapo, ndipo imasonyeza .375″ makulidwe a khoma kwa NPS 12 ndi kukulirapo.XS ndiyofanana ndi SCH 80 ya NPS 1/8 mpaka NPS 8, kuphatikiza, ndipo imasonyeza .500″ makulidwe a khoma a NPS 8 ndi kukulirapo.Kutanthauzira kosiyana kulipo kwa XXS, komabe sikufanana ndi SCH 160. XXS ndiyonenepa kuposa SCH 160 ya NPS 1/8″ mpaka 6″ kuphatikiza, pomwe SCH 160 ndi yokhuthala kuposa XXS ya NPS 8″ ndi yayikulu.

Dongosolo lina lakale ndi Ductile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi ma OD akulu kuposa IPS.

Mipope yamkuwa yopangira mapaipi okhalamo ikutsatira njira yosiyana kwambiri ku America, yomwe nthawi zambiri imatchedwa Copper Tube Size (CTS);onani dongosolo la madzi apanyumba.Kukula kwake mwadzina sikuli mkati kapena kunja kwake.Machubu apulasitiki, monga PVC ndi CPVC, pamipaipi yamadzimadzi alinso ndi miyeso yosiyana [zosamveka].

Ntchito zaulimi zimagwiritsa ntchito makulidwe a PIP, omwe amaimira Pulasitiki Yothirira Paipi.PIP imabwera ndi mphamvu ya 22 psi (150 kPa), 50 psi (340 kPa), 80 psi (550 kPa), 100 psi (690 kPa), ndi 125 psi (860 kPa) ndipo imapezeka mu diameter ya 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, ndi mainchesi 24 (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, ndi 61 cm).

Miyezo
Kupanga ndi kuyika kwa mapaipi okakamiza kumayendetsedwa mwamphamvu ndi ASME "B31" mndandanda wamakhodi monga B31.1 kapena B31.3 omwe maziko ake ali mu ASME Boiler ndi Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC).Khodi iyi ili ndi mphamvu zamalamulo ku Canada ndi US.Europe ndi dziko lonse lapansi ali ndi dongosolo lofanana la ma code.Kupopera kwapaipi nthawi zambiri kumakhala chitoliro chomwe chimayenera kunyamula mphamvu zokulirapo kuposa 10 mpaka 25 atmospheres, ngakhale matanthauzidwe amasiyanasiyana.Kuonetsetsa ntchito otetezeka dongosolo, kupanga, kusungirako, kuwotcherera, kuyezetsa, etc. kuthamanga mapaipi ayenera kukwaniritsa mfundo zokhwima khalidwe.

Miyezo yopangira mapaipi nthawi zambiri imafunikira kuyesa kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi kuyesa kwamphamvu kwamakina pa kutentha kulikonse kwa chitoliro.Kutentha kwa chitoliro chonse kumapangidwa kuchokera ku ingot yomweyi, choncho inali ndi mankhwala omwewo.Kuyesa kwamakina kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi chitoliro chochuluka, chomwe chingakhale chochokera ku kutentha komweko ndipo akhala akudutsa njira zochizira kutentha.Wopanga amayesa izi ndikuwonetsa zomwe zidapangidwa mu lipoti la mphero ndi mayeso amakina mu lipoti la mayeso azinthu, onse omwe amatchulidwa ndi acronym MTR.Zomwe zili ndi malipoti okhudzana ndi mayesowa zimatchedwa traceable.Pamafunso ovuta, kutsimikizira kwa ena mayesowa kungafunike;pamenepa labu yodziyimira payokha itulutsa lipoti lovomerezeka la zinthu (CMTR), ndipo zinthuzo zimatchedwa certified.

Miyezo ya mapaipi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kapena makalasi a mapaipi ndi awa:

Mtundu wa API - tsopano ISO 3183. Mwachitsanzo: API 5L Giredi B - tsopano ISO L245 pomwe nambala ikuwonetsa mphamvu zokolola mu MPa
ASME SA106 Kalasi B (Seamless carbon steel chitoliro kwa ntchito kutentha kwambiri)
ASTM A312 (Chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic chopanda msoko)
ASTM C76 (Papo Konkire)
ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC chito)
Chitoliro cha Polyethylene (ASTM D2239)
TS EN ISO 14692 mafakitale amafuta ndi gasi. Mapaipi apulasitiki olimba ndi magalasi
ASTM A36 (Carbon steel pipe)
ASTM A795 (Chitoliro chachitsulo makamaka cha makina opopera moto)
API 5L inasinthidwa mu theka lachiwiri la 2008 ku kope 44 kuchokera ku kope 43 kuti likhale lofanana ndi ISO 3183. Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti kusintha kwapanga kufunikira kuti utumiki wowawasa, ERW chitoliro, upititse kuphulika kwa hydrogen (HIC). ) kuyesa pa NACE TM0284 kuti mugwiritse ntchito ntchito yowawasa.

ACPA [American Concrete Pipe Association]
AWWA [American Water Works Association]
AWWA M45
Kuyika
Kuyika mapaipi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwera mtengo kuposa zinthuzo ndipo zida zosiyanasiyana zapadera, njira, ndi magawo apangidwa kuti zithandizire izi.Chitoliro nthawi zambiri chimaperekedwa kwa kasitomala kapena malo ogwirira ntchito ngati "ndodo" kapena utali wa chitoliro (nthawi zambiri mapazi 20 (6.1 m), otchedwa single chisawawa kutalika) kapena amapangidwa kale ndi zigongolero, teyi ndi mavavu mu chitoliro chopangira kale chitoliro. spool ndi chidutswa cha chitoliro chosakanizidwa kale ndi zopangira, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakonzedwa m'sitolo kuti kuyika pamalo omangako kukhale kothandiza kwambiri.].Nthawi zambiri, chitoliro chochepera mainchesi awiri (5.1 cm) sichinapangidwe kale.Ma spools a mapaipi nthawi zambiri amalembedwa ndi bar code ndipo malekezero ake amatsekeredwa (pulasitiki) kuti atetezedwe.Mapaipi ndi zitoliro zimaperekedwa kumalo osungiramo katundu pantchito yayikulu yazamalonda/mafakitale ndipo zitha kuchitikira m'nyumba kapena m'bwalo loyala.Chitoliro kapena chitoliro cha chitoliro chimatengedwa, kusinthidwa, kugwedezeka, kenako ndikukwezedwa m'malo mwake.Pa ntchito zazikuluzikulu, kukweza kumapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma cranes ndi hoist ndi zokweza zina.Nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa kwakanthawi muzitsulo zachitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zomangira, zingwe, ndi zingwe zazing'ono mpaka zomangira zitoliro zitalumikizidwa kapena kutetezedwa mwanjira ina.

Chitsanzo cha chida chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyika chitoliro chaching'ono cha mapaipi (mizere ya ulusi) ndi wrench ya chitoliro.Chitoliro chaching'ono nthawi zambiri sichilemera ndipo chimatha kukwezedwa m'malo ndi wogwira ntchito yoyika.Komabe, pamene zomera zazimitsidwa kapena kuzimitsa, chitoliro chaching'ono (chobowola) chikhoza kupangidwa kale kuti chifulumire kuyika panthawi yozimitsa.Chitolirocho chikayikidwa chidzayesedwa ngati chikutuluka.Asanayesedwe angafunikire kutsukidwa pouzira mpweya kapena nthunzi kapena kuwaza ndi madzi.

Chitoliro chimathandizira
Mapaipi nthawi zambiri amathandizidwa kuchokera pansi kapena kupachikidwa kuchokera pamwamba (koma amathanso kuthandizidwa kuchokera kumbali), pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimatchedwa zothandizira mapaipi.Thandizo likhoza kukhala lophweka ngati chitoliro "nsapato" chomwe chiri chofanana ndi theka la I-mtengo wowotchedwa pansi pa chitoliro;akhoza “kupachikidwa” pogwiritsa ntchito clevis, kapena ndi zida zamtundu wa trapeze zotchedwa ma pipe hanger.Zothandizira mapaipi amtundu uliwonse zingaphatikizepo akasupe, zozimitsira moto, zothira madzi, kapena kuphatikiza kwa zida izi kuti zithandizire kukulitsa kutentha, kapena kupereka kudzipatula kwa vibration, kuwongolera kugwedezeka, kapena kuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwa chitoliro chifukwa chakuyenda kwa chivomezi.Ma dampers ena amangokhala ma dashpots amadzimadzi, koma ma dampers ena amatha kukhala zida zama hydraulic zomwe zimakhala ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri omwe amatha kuchepetsa kusamuka chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwakunja kapena kugwedezeka kwamakina.Zomwe sizikufunidwa zikhoza kukhala zotengedwa (monga muzitsulo zamadzimadzi) kapena kuchokera ku zochitika zachilengedwe monga chivomezi (chochitika chokonzekera kapena DBE).

Zomangamanga za chitoliro nthawi zambiri zimamangiriridwa ndi zitoliro.Kutentha kothekera ndi katundu wolemetsa kuyenera kuphatikizidwa pofotokoza zikhomo zomwe zikufunika.[10]

Kujowina
Nkhani yayikulu: Kuyika mapaipi ndi mapaipi
Mapaipi nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi kuwotcherera, pogwiritsa ntchito chitoliro cha ulusi ndi zolumikizira;kusindikiza kulumikizana ndi ulusi wa chitoliro, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Tepi yosindikizira ya Thread, oakum, kapena chingwe cha PTFE, kapena pogwiritsa ntchito makina ogwirizanitsa.Kupaka mapaipi nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwotcherera pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya TIG kapena MIG.Chofala kwambiri cholumikizira chitoliro ndi chowotcherera matako.Malekezero a chitoliro chowotcherera amayenera kukhala ndi njira ina yake yowotcherera yotchedwa End Weld Prep (EWP) yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala pakona ya madigiri 37.5 kuti agwirizane ndi chitsulo chowotcherera.Ulusi wapaipi wodziwika kwambiri ku North America ndi National Pipe Thread (NPT) kapena mtundu wa Dryseal (NPTF).Zingwe zina zapaipi zikuphatikizapo British standard pipe thread (BSPT), garden hose thread (GHT), ndi fire hose coupling (NST).

Mapaipi amkuwa amaphatikizidwa ndi soldering, brazing, compression fittings, flaring, kapena crimping.Mapaipi apulasitiki amatha kulumikizidwa ndi kuwotcherera zosungunulira, kuphatikiza kutentha, kapena kusindikiza kwa elastomeric.

Ngati kulumikizidwa pafupipafupi kudzafunika, ma flanges a chitoliro cha gasketed kapena zolumikizira mgwirizano zimapereka kudalirika kuposa ulusi.Mapaipi ena opyapyala otchingidwa ndi ma ductile, monga ang'onoang'ono amkuwa kapena mapaipi amadzi apulasitiki osinthika omwe amapezeka m'nyumba za opanga ayezi ndi zonyowa, mwachitsanzo, amatha kulumikizidwa ndi zolumikizira.

Mphete ya HDPE yomwe yalumikizidwa ndi Tee ya Electrofusion.
Chitoliro chapansi panthaka nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito chitoliro cha "push-on" cha gasket chomwe chimakanikiza gasket kukhala danga lopangidwa pakati pa zidutswa ziwiri zolumikizana.Zolumikizira zokankhira zimapezeka pamitundu yambiri ya chitoliro.Mafuta ophatikizana ndi chitoliro ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga chitoliro.M'mikhalidwe yokwiriridwa, mapaipi ophatikizana a gasket amalola kusuntha kozungulira chifukwa cha kusuntha kwa nthaka komanso kukulitsa / kutsika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa kutentha.[11]Pulasitiki MDPE ndi HDPE mapaipi a gasi ndi madzi nthawi zambiri amalumikizidwa ndi zoyika za Electrofusion.

Chitoliro chachikulu pamwamba pa nthaka nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira cha flanged, chomwe chimapezeka mu chitoliro chachitsulo cha ductile ndi zina.Ndi kalembedwe ka gasket komwe ma flanges a mapaipi olumikizana amalumikizidwa palimodzi, kukakamiza gasket kukhala danga pakati pa chitoliro.

Zolumikizana zomangika pamakina kapena zolumikizira za Victaulic zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mobwerezabwereza kusokoneza komanso kuphatikiza.Zopangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1920s, zolumikizira zamakinazi zimatha kugwira ntchito mpaka mapaundi 120 pa sikweya inchi (830 kPa) zogwirira ntchito ndipo zimapezeka muzinthu zofananira ndi chitoliro.Mtundu wina wamakina ophatikizana ndi machubu opanda flareless (Magulu akuluakulu a Swagelok, Ham-Let, Parker);Kupanikizana kwamtunduwu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pamachubu ang'onoang'ono ochepera mainchesi awiri (51 mm) m'mimba mwake.

Mapaipi akalowa m'zipinda zomwe zigawo zina zimafunikira pakuwongolera maukonde (monga ma valve kapena geji), zolumikizira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, kuti kukwera / kutsika kukhale kosavuta.

Zopangira ndi ma valve

Zopangira zitoliro za Copper
Zopangira zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kugawa kapena kulumikiza mapaipi angapo palimodzi, ndi zina.Mitundu yotakata ya zida zofananira zamapaipi zilipo;Nthawi zambiri amathyoledwa kukhala tee, chigongono, nthambi, chochepetsera / chokulitsa, kapena wye.Mavavu amawongolera kutuluka kwamadzimadzi ndikuwongolera kuthamanga.Zolemba za mapaipi ndi mapaipi ndi ma valve zimakambirananso mozama.

Kuyeretsa
Nkhani yayikulu: Kuyeretsa machubu

Chitoliro chokhala ndi limescale buildup, kuchepetsa m'mimba mwake kwambiri.
Mkati mwa mapaipi amatha kutsukidwa ndi chubu choyeretsa, ngati akhudzidwa ndi zinyalala kapena zonyansa.Izi zimadalira njira yomwe chitolirocho chidzagwiritsire ntchito komanso ukhondo wofunikira pa ntchitoyi.Nthawi zina mapaipi amatsukidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo chosinthira chomwe chimadziwika kuti Pipeline Inspection Gauge kapena "nkhumba";mwanjira ina mapaipi kapena machubu amatha kuthiridwa ndi mankhwala pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera zomwe zimapopedwa.Nthawi zina, pamene chisamaliro chachitidwa popanga, kusunga, ndi kuika chitoliro ndi machubu, mizere imawombedwa ndi mpweya woponderezedwa kapena nayitrogeni.