Mapangidwe azitsulo azitsulo

Mawu Oyamba

Zomangamanga zachitsulo zimapangidwa kuchokera ku chimango cha mafupa chomwe chimakhala ndi mizati yowongoka, mizati yopingasa ndi zina zotero zopangidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zachitsulo, zokongoletsedwa, zokokedwa kapena zomangika pamodzi, nthawi zambiri mu gridi ya rectilinear.Zomangamanga zachitsulo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zapakati komanso zazitali, zamafakitale, zosungiramo zinthu komanso nyumba zogona.

Ubwino wa zida zachitsulo ndi:

Kupirira zivomezi ndi kunyamula mphepo.Kusavuta kumanga ndi kukonzanso.Nthawi yaifupi yomanga.Kukana moto pothandizidwa.Ikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi mitundu ina ya zomangamanga.Zosavuta kujowina.Zolondola kwambiri.Kupanga kunja kwa malo.Mawu apamwamba amphamvu mpaka kulemera ndi kulimba kwa voliyumu.Lolani zipata zazitali zomveka bwino.Zipilala zopapatiza.Can. kuwululidwa

Kachitidwe kachitsulo kachitsulo

Zomangamanga zazikuluzikulu zazitsulo zimaphatikizapo makoma, pansi, madenga ndi mamembala olimba amatha kukonzedwa kuti akhale ndi mtundu wina wa dongosolo lomwe limathandizira kukhazikika kwanyumbayo kutengera mtundu kapena kugwiritsa ntchito nyumbayo, mawonekedwe ndi kulimba kwa nyumbayo. katundu ndi moyo kapangidwe zofunika

Kukonzekera kwa khoma

Kumanga kwa khoma kumaphatikizapo kuyika makoma amiyala mozungulira ndi mkati mwa nyumbayo ndipo ziwalo zazitsulo zomangika zimakhazikika pamakoma amiyala pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zokhala ndi zomata ndi zomangira za nangula.Kapangidwe ndi kamangidwe ka khoma lokhala ndi mafelemu zimatengera kuchuluka kwa katundu komanso mtunda wapakati pakati pa zothandizira motsatizana.

Ngakhale kuti matabwa apansi akuya amathandizira kukulitsa kutalika kwa mutu wa nyumbayo, zimafunikiranso kuti mizati ikhale yotalikirana kwambiri ndipo imachepetsa malo omveka bwino apansi.Kumbali ina, mafelemu ozama kwambiri amathandizira kuti azitalikirana.

Kukonzekera kwa Skeleton

Ili ndiye gawo-matabwa structural chimango dongosolo, mmene katundu onse ofananira nawo ndi yokoka zimaperekedwa kwa chimango zitsulo ndi anasamutsidwa pansi maziko.Makoma amapangidwa ngati khoma lotchinga lopanda katundu.Mapangidwe a zigoba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi matabwa a spandrel, mizati yayikulu kapena yoyambira, yapakati kapena yachiwiri, mizati yakhoma ndi mizati yamkati ndi masilabu olimba a konkriti.Pakulumikizana kwapakati pakati pa mizati ndi mizati pali njira zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga kugwiritsa ntchito mabatani achitsulo, mbale za gusset ndi ma haunches omwe amathandizira kugawa kupsinjika komwe kumayambitsa.Shims imathandizira kupanga mzere ndi kusintha kokwezeka.Mabokosi a mashelufu amathandizira kumangiriza mtengo wa spandrel ndi column.

Kupanga kwanthawi yayitali

Utali wautali ndi utali wotalika kuposa 12m.Zimathandizira kupereka malo osinthika apansi, malo opanda mzati amkati, kuchepetsa nthawi yomanga pamalopo, amalola kukhazikitsa mautumiki angapo ndikugwiritsa ntchito mosakanikirana malo.Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyumba zazikulu zamafakitale, maholo, zisudzo, malo owonetsera ndi zina zotero.

Njira zotsatirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito;ma stub girders, matabwa ophatikizika, ma trusses ophatikizika, ma cantilever kuyimitsidwa, mbale zopindika, ma gridi a curvilinear, zipolopolo zopyapyala za domes, maukonde a chingwe, ma trusses amlengalenga, mafelemu a portal ndi zina zotero.

Atsikana

Izi ndizitsulo zozama zachitsulo zomwe zimathandiza kuyenda mtunda wautali.Kutalikirana kumatengera girder chitsulo girder ndi span kuya kwake.Ma girders amaikidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana pali zomangira zomwe zimatalika motalikirana ndi zida zomwe zimalumikizidwa ndi ma gird akuluakulu ndipo ma hybrid girders awa ndi ma gird omwe amawumitsidwa kuti azitha kunyamula katundu wambiri powonjezerapo zowotcherera pamwamba ndi pansi. flanges.

Trusses

Matrus ali ndi mwayi woyenda mtunda wautali chifukwa chakuzama kwawo komwe ali nako kumapangitsa kuti aziwuma motsutsana ndi zopatuka.Mitundu ya ma trusses omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nthawi yayitali imaphatikizapo Pratt trusses, Warren Trusses, Fink Trusses, Scissors, Bow String ndi Vierendeel Trusses.Kuti mudziwe zambiri onani: Truss.

Ma truss awa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mamembala akuluakulu othandizira pamapangidwe apansi ndi padenga.

Mafelemu olimba

Kuchuluka kwa kusasunthika muzolumikizidwe zamitengo yamitengo kuyenera kuwunikiridwa mosamala.M'mafelemu olimba maulumikizi amapangidwa kuti azitha kupindika komanso kumeta ubweya.Amapangidwa ngati mafelemu opitilira muutali wonse ndi kutalika popanda mahinji kapena mapini akorona komanso pakati patali.

Maziko akuluakulu olimba amathandiza kunyamula ndi kugawa mphindi ndikumeta pansi.Pazifukwa zachuma, malo apansi ayenera kuyang'aniridwa chifukwa zingapangitse kuti maziko akhale okwera mtengo m'malo opanda nthaka.

Arches

Mabwalo amatha kupangidwa ngati mabwalo olimba kapena mawebusayiti otseguka, ma hinged atatu, ma hinged awiri kapena osasunthika.Izi zimatengera mtundu wa zida zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, mphamvu zamphamvu, nangula, kagwiritsidwe ntchito kanyumba, mtundu wa maziko ndi momwe amakwezera.

Mipingo itatu yokhotakhota imatha kuthandizira kuyenda mtunda wautali ngakhale pakakhala zovuta monga nyengo yoipa, zolemetsa zolemetsa ndi zina zotero.Makhoma awiri okhomedwa ndi osalimba kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma hinged arch arch atatu.Mipanda yokhazikika imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba zokhala ndi katundu wopepuka komanso malo abwino apansi.