Chitsulo chachitsulo ndi njira yomanga yokhala ndi "chigoba chachitsulo" chazitsulo zowongoka ndi zitsulo zopingasa za I, zomangidwa mu gridi yamakona anayi kuti zigwirizane ndi pansi, denga ndi makoma a nyumba zomwe zonse zimamangiriridwa ku chimango.Kukula kwa njira imeneyi kunapangitsa kuti ntchito yomanga nyumbayi ikhale yotheka.
Chitsulo chogubuduza "mbiri" kapena gawo lazitsulo lazitsulo limatenga mawonekedwe a chilembo "I".Mbali ziwiri zazikuluzikulu za mzati ndi zokhuthala komanso zokulirapo kuposa ma flanges a pamtengo, kuti zipirire bwino kupsinjika kwa kapangidwe kake.Zigawo zazitsulo zozungulira ndi zozungulira zingagwiritsidwe ntchito, nthawi zambiri zimadzazidwa ndi konkire.Miyendo yachitsulo imalumikizidwa ndi mizati ndi ma bolts ndi zomangira za ulusi, ndipo mbiri yakale imalumikizidwa ndi ma rivets."Ukonde" wapakati wa I-beam wachitsulo nthawi zambiri umakhala wokulirapo kuposa ukonde wazanja kukana kupindika kwapamwamba komwe kumachitika pamitengo.
Mapepala akuluakulu azitsulo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphimba pamwamba pa chitsulo chachitsulo monga "mawonekedwe" kapena nkhungu yamalata, pansi pazitsulo zolimba za konkriti ndi zitsulo zolimbitsa zitsulo.Njira ina yodziwika bwino ndi pansi pa precast konkire pansi mayunitsi ndi mtundu wina wa topping konkire.Nthawi zambiri m'nyumba zamaofesi, malo omaliza apansi amaperekedwa ndi mtundu wina wa malo okwera pansi omwe ali ndi kusowa pakati pa malo oyendamo ndi malo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zingwe ndi ma ducts oyendetsa mpweya.
Chophimbacho chiyenera kutetezedwa ku moto chifukwa zitsulo zimafewa pa kutentha kwakukulu ndipo izi zingapangitse nyumbayo kugwa pang'ono.Pazipilala izi nthawi zambiri zimachitidwa pozimanga mumtundu wina wazinthu zosagwira moto monga zomangira, konkriti kapena plasterboard.Nthambizo zikhoza kuikidwa mu konkriti, plasterboard kapena kupopera ndi zokutira kuti ziteteze ku kutentha kwa moto kapena zikhoza kutetezedwa ndi denga lopanda moto.Asibesitosi anali chida chodziwika bwino chopangira zitsulo zotchingira moto mpaka chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, kuopsa kwa thanzi la ulusi wa asibesito kusanamveke bwino.
"Khungu" lakunja la nyumbayo limamangiriridwa ku chimango pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zomanga ndikutsatira mitundu yambiri ya zomangamanga.Njerwa, miyala, konkire yolimba, magalasi omangamanga, zitsulo zamapepala ndi utoto wosavuta zagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphimba chimango kuti chiteteze chitsulo ku nyengo.
Mafelemu achitsulo ozizira amadziwikanso kuti lightweight steel framing (LSF).
Zitsulo zopyapyala za malata zimatha kuzizira kupangidwa kukhala zitsulo zachitsulo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zomangira zomangira kapena zosamangira makoma onse akunja ndi magawano muzomanga zonse zomanga nyumba, zamalonda ndi mafakitale (chithunzichi).Kukula kwa chipindacho kumakhazikitsidwa ndi njira yopingasa yomwe imamangiriridwa pansi ndi padenga kuti iwonetsere chipinda chilichonse.Mipando yoyimirira imakonzedwa m'njirazo, nthawi zambiri imatalikirana mainchesi 16 (410 mm), ndikumangirira pamwamba ndi pansi.
Ma mbiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba zogona ndi a C-shape stud ndi njanji yooneka ngati U, ndi zina zosiyanasiyana.Mamembala omanga nthawi zambiri amapangidwa mu makulidwe a 12 mpaka 25 geji.Mageji olemera, monga 12 ndi 14 gauge, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pamene katundu wa axial (kufanana ndi kutalika kwa membala) ali pamwamba, monga pomanga katundu.Mageji olemera apakati, monga 16 ndi 18 gauge, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri pamene palibe katundu wa axial koma katundu wolemetsa (perpendicular kwa membala) monga zipilala zakunja za khoma zomwe zimafunika kukana mphepo yamkuntho yamphamvu m'mphepete mwa nyanja.Ma geji opepuka, monga 25 gauge, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pomwe kulibe katundu wa axial ndi katundu wopepuka kwambiri wapambuyo, monga pomanga mkati momwe mamembala amagwirira ntchito ngati makoma a makoma pakati pa zipinda.Kumalizidwa kwa khoma kumangiriridwa mbali ziwiri za flange, zomwe zimasiyana kuchokera pa 1 + 1⁄4 mpaka 3 mainchesi (32 mpaka 76 mm), ndipo m'lifupi mwa ukonde umachokera pa 1 + 5⁄8 mpaka 14 mainchesi (41). mpaka 356 mm).Magawo amakona anayi amachotsedwa pa intaneti kuti apereke mwayi wamawaya amagetsi.
Zitsulo mphero kubala kanasonkhezereka pepala zitsulo, zinthu m'munsi popanga mbiri ozizira mawonekedwe zitsulo.Chitsulo cha pepala chimapangidwanso kukhala mbiri yomaliza yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga.Mapepalawa ali ndi zinki zokutira (malata) kuti ateteze makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi dzimbiri.Kupanga zitsulo kumapereka kusinthika kwabwino kwapangidwe chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa chitsulo, komwe kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mtunda wautali, komanso kukana mphepo ndi zivomezi.
Makoma opangidwa ndi zitsulo amatha kupangidwa kuti apereke zinthu zabwino kwambiri zotenthetsera komanso zomveka - chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimaganiziridwa pomanga pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chozizira ndi chakuti mlatho wotentha ukhoza kuchitika pakhoma pakati pa chilengedwe chakunja ndi malo okhala mkati.Mlatho wotenthetsera ungathe kutetezedwa poika chitsekerero chakunja chokhazikika pazitsulo - zomwe zimatchedwa 'kupuma kwa kutentha'.
Mipata pakati pa ma studs nthawi zambiri imakhala mainchesi 16 pakati pa makoma akunja ndi mkati mwa nyumba kutengera zomwe zidapangidwa.M'zipinda zamaofesi pali malo otalikirana ndi mainchesi 24 (610 mm) pakati pamakoma onse kupatula zitsime za elevator ndi masitepe.
Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo m'malo mwa chitsulo pazinthu zomanga poyamba kunali kochedwa.Nyumba yoyamba yokhala ndi chitsulo, Ditherington Flax Mill, inamangidwa mu 1797, koma mpaka chitukuko cha ndondomeko ya Bessemer mu 1855 chinapangidwa kuti zitsulo zikhale zogwira mtima kwambiri kuti zitsulo zikhale zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.Zitsulo zotsika mtengo, zomwe zinali ndi mphamvu zolimba kwambiri komanso zopondereza komanso kutulutsa bwino, zinalipo kuyambira m'ma 1870, koma chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chinapitirizabe kukwaniritsa zofunikira zambiri zazitsulo zomangamanga, makamaka chifukwa cha mavuto opangira zitsulo kuchokera ku alkaline ores.Mavutowa, oyambitsidwa makamaka ndi kupezeka kwa phosphorous, adathetsedwa ndi Sidney Gilchrist Thomas mu 1879.
Sizinafike mpaka 1880 pomwe nthawi yomanga yokhazikika pazitsulo zofewa zodalirika idayamba.Pofika tsiku limenelo zitsulo zomwe zinkapangidwa zinali zitagwirizana. [1]
Nyumba ya Inshuwaransi Yanyumba, yomwe idamalizidwa mu 1885, inali yoyamba kugwiritsa ntchito skeleton frame frame, kuchotseratu ntchito yonyamula katundu wa zomangira zake.Pamenepa mizati yachitsulo imangokhala m'makoma, ndipo mphamvu yake yonyamula katundu ikuwoneka ngati yachiwiri ku mphamvu ya zomangamanga, makamaka zonyamula mphepo.Ku United States, nyumba yoyamba yokhala ndi zitsulo inali Rand McNally Building ku Chicago, yomwe inamangidwa mu 1890.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jun-06-2022