Kuyamba kwa Laser kudula

Kudula kwa laser ndiukadaulo womwe umagwiritsa ntchito laser kuti usungunuke zinthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale m'mphepete.Ngakhale amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafakitale, tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi masukulu, mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono, zomangamanga, komanso okonda masewera.Kudula kwa laser kumagwira ntchito powongolera kutulutsa kwa laser yamphamvu kwambiri nthawi zambiri kudzera mu optics.Ma laser optics ndi CNC (kuwongolera manambala apakompyuta) amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera mtengo wa laser kuzinthuzo.Laser yamalonda yazinthu zodulira imagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyendetsera kutsata CNC kapena G-code yapatani kuti idulidwe pazinthuzo.Mtsinje wa laser wolunjika umalunjika pa zinthu, zomwe zimatha kusungunuka, kuyaka, kusungunuka, kapena kuwulutsidwa ndi jeti ya gasi, [1] kusiya m'mphepete mwapamwamba kwambiri.

Mbiri
Mu 1965, woyamba kupanga laser kudula makina ntchito kubowola mabowo diamondi akamwalira.Makinawa adapangidwa ndi Western Electric Engineering Research Center. [3]Mu 1967, a British anachita upainiya laser-anathandiza mpweya jeti kudula zitsulo. [4]Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970, lusoli linapangidwa kuti lidule titaniyamu kuti agwiritse ntchito zamlengalenga.Pa nthawi yomweyo CO2 lasers anasinthidwa kudula sanali zitsulo, monga nsalu, chifukwa, pa nthawi, CO2 lasers analibe mphamvu zokwanira kugonjetsa matenthedwe madutsidwe zitsulo.[5]

Njira

Industrial laser kudula zitsulo ndi malangizo kudula anakonza kudzera CNC mawonekedwe
Laser mtengo nthawi zambiri umayang'ana pogwiritsa ntchito mandala apamwamba kwambiri pamalo ogwirira ntchito.Ubwino wa mtengowo umakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa malo.Gawo lopapatiza kwambiri la mtengo wokhazikika nthawi zambiri limachepera mainchesi 0.0125 (0.32 mm) m'mimba mwake.Kutengera makulidwe a zinthu, makulidwe a kerf ang'onoang'ono ngati mainchesi 0.004 (0.10 mm) ndizotheka.[6]Kuti athe kuyamba kudula kuchokera kwinakwake osati m'mphepete, kuboola kumachitika musanadulidwe kulikonse.Kuboola nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizapo mtanda wa laser wamphamvu kwambiri womwe umabowola pang'onopang'ono, kutenga pafupifupi masekondi 5-15 kwa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri 0.5-inch (13 mm).

Kuwala kofananirako kochokera ku gwero la laser nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa mainchesi 0.06-0.08 (1.5-2.0 mm) m'mimba mwake.Dongosololi nthawi zambiri limayang'ana ndikukulitsidwa ndi disolo kapena galasi mpaka malo ang'onoang'ono pafupifupi mainchesi 0.001 (0.025 mm) kuti apange kuwala kolimba kwambiri.Kuti muthe kutha bwino kwambiri pakudulira kozungulira, kolowera kozungulira kozungulira kuyenera kuzunguliridwa pozungulira mphepete mwa chogwirira ntchito.Podula mapepala achitsulo, kutalika kwapakati kumakhala mainchesi 1.5-3 (38-76 mm).

Ubwino wa laser kudula pa makina kudula kumaphatikizapo kugwira ntchito mosavuta komanso kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa workpiece (popeza palibe malire omwe amatha kuipitsidwa ndi zinthuzo kapena kuwononga zinthuzo).Kulondola kungakhale bwinoko, popeza mtengo wa laser suvala panthawiyi.Palinso mwayi wochepa wopotoza zinthu zomwe zikudulidwa, monga makina a laser ali ndi malo ochepa omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha.[8]Zida zina ndizovuta kwambiri kapena zosatheka kuzidula ndi njira zachikhalidwe.

Kudula kwa laser kwa zitsulo kuli ndi ubwino pa kudula kwa plasma kukhala kolondola kwambiri[9] ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa podula zitsulo;Komabe, ma lasers ambiri ogulitsa mafakitale sangadutse kukhuthala kwachitsulo komwe plasma imatha.Makina atsopano a laser omwe akugwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri (ma Watts 6000, mosiyana ndi makina odulira laser oyambira 1500 watt) akuyandikira makina a plasma pakutha kwawo kudula zida zokhuthala, koma mtengo wa makina oterowo ndi wokwera kwambiri kuposa wa plasma. makina odulira amatha kudula zinthu zokhuthala ngati mbale yachitsulo. [10]

Mitundu

4000 watt CO2 laser wodula
Pali mitundu itatu ikuluikulu ya lasers ntchito laser kudula.Laser ya CO2 ndiyoyenera kudula, kutopa, ndi kuzokota.Ma laser a neodymium (Nd) ndi neodymium yttrium-aluminium-garnet (Nd:YAG) ndi ofanana m'mawonekedwe ndipo amasiyana pamagwiritsidwe ntchito.Nd imagwiritsidwa ntchito potopetsa komanso komwe mphamvu zambiri koma kubwereza kochepa kumafunikira.Laser ya Nd:YAG imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri ikufunika komanso kusangalatsa komanso kujambula.Onse CO2 ndi Nd/Nd: YAG lasers angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwotcherera.[11]

Ma lasers a CO2 nthawi zambiri "amapopedwa" podutsa pakalipano kudzera mu kusakaniza kwa gasi (DC-chisangalalo) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya ma radio frequency (RF-excited).Njira ya RF ndi yatsopano ndipo yakhala yotchuka kwambiri.Popeza mapangidwe a DC amafunikira maelekitirodi mkati mwake, amatha kukumana ndi kukokoloka kwa ma elekitirodi ndikuyika zinthu za elekitirodi pamagalasi ndi ma optics.Popeza ma resonator a RF ali ndi ma elekitirodi akunja sakonda mavuto amenewo.Ma laser a CO2 amagwiritsidwa ntchito podula mafakitale azinthu zambiri kuphatikiza titaniyamu, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, chitsulo chofewa, aluminiyamu, pulasitiki, matabwa, matabwa opangidwa, sera, nsalu, ndi mapepala.Ma lasers a YAG amagwiritsidwa ntchito podula ndi kulemba zitsulo ndi zoumba. [12]

Kuphatikiza pa gwero lamagetsi, mtundu wa gasi umatha kukhudzanso ntchito.Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya ma lasers a CO2 imaphatikizira kuthamanga kwa axial, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa axial, kuyenda modutsa, ndi slab.Mu resonator yothamanga kwambiri ya axial, kusakaniza kwa carbon dioxide, helium ndi nayitrogeni kumayendetsedwa pa liwiro lalikulu ndi turbine kapena blower.Ma laser oyenda modutsa amazungulira kusakaniza kwa gasi pang'onopang'ono, kumafuna chowombera chosavuta.Silab kapena diffusion utakhazikika resonator ali malo gasi static amene safuna pressurization kapena glassware, kumabweretsa ndalama pa turbines m'malo ndi glassware.

Jenereta ya laser ndi ma optics akunja (kuphatikiza ma lens) amafunikira kuziziritsa.Kutengera kukula kwa dongosolo ndi kasinthidwe, kutentha kwa zinyalala kumatha kusamutsidwa ndi choziziritsa kukhosi kapena mwachindunji kumpweya.Madzi ndi chinthu chozizirira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri, chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi chiller kapena kutentha.

Laser microjet ndi laser yoyendetsedwa ndi madzi momwe mtengo wa laser umalumikizidwa kukhala jeti yamadzi yotsika.Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita ntchito zodulira laser pogwiritsira ntchito ndege yamadzi kutsogolera mtanda wa laser, mofanana ndi kuwala kwa kuwala, kupyolera mukuwonetseratu kwamkati.Ubwino wa izi ndikuti madzi amachotsanso zinyalala ndikuziziritsa zakuthupi.Ubwino wowonjezera pa kudula kwa laser "youma" ndikuthamanga kwambiri, kerf yofananira, ndi kudula konsekonse.[13]

Fiber lasers ndi mtundu wa laser state state yomwe ikukula mwachangu mkati mwamakampani odulira zitsulo.Mosiyana ndi CO2, ukadaulo wa Fiber umagwiritsa ntchito njira yolimba yopezera phindu, mosiyana ndi gasi kapena madzi."Laser yambewu" imapanga mtanda wa laser ndipo kenako imakulitsidwa mkati mwa galasi.Ndi kutalika kwa ma nanometers 1064 okha a fiber lasers amapanga malo ochepa kwambiri (mpaka 100 kucheperako poyerekeza ndi CO2) kumapangitsa kukhala koyenera kudula zitsulo zonyezimira.Uwu ndi umodzi mwaubwino waukulu wa CHIKWANGWANI poyerekeza ndi CO2.[14]

Ubwino wa fiber laser cutter ndi: -

Rapid processing nthawi.
Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu & mabilu - chifukwa chakuchita bwino kwambiri.
Kudalirika kwakukulu ndi magwiridwe antchito - palibe ma optics oti asinthe kapena kuyanjanitsa ndipo palibe nyali zosintha.
Kusamalira kochepa.
Kutha kukonza zinthu zowunikira kwambiri monga mkuwa ndi mkuwa
Kuchulukirachulukira - ndalama zotsika mtengo zogwirira ntchito zimakupatsirani phindu lalikulu pazachuma chanu.[15]

Njira
Pali njira zambiri zodula pogwiritsa ntchito lasers, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito podula zinthu zosiyanasiyana.Zina mwa njirazi ndi vaporization, kusungunula ndi kuwotcha, kusungunula kuphulika ndi kuwotcha, kupsinjika kwa kutentha kwa kutentha, scribing, kudula kozizira ndi kutentha kokhazikika kwa laser kudula.

Kudula kwa vaporization
Mu vaporization kudula mtengo wolunjika kumatenthetsa pamwamba pa zinthuzo mpaka ku flashpoint point ndikupanga bowo la kiyi.The keyhole kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka mwadzidzidzi mayamwidwe mwamsanga kuzama dzenje.Bowolo likamakulirakulira, mpweya wotuluka umakokolola makoma osungunula omwe akuwombedwa ndikutuluka ndikukulitsa dzenjelo.Zinthu zosasungunuka monga nkhuni, mapulasitiki a carbon ndi thermoset nthawi zambiri amadulidwa ndi njirayi.
Sungunulani ndi kuwomba
Sungunulani ndi kuwomba kapena kuphatikizira kudula kumagwiritsa ntchito mpweya woponderezedwa kwambiri kuti uwombe zinthu zosungunuka kuchokera pamalo odulira, kuchepetsa mphamvu yamagetsi.Choyamba, zinthuzo zimatenthedwa mpaka kusungunuka, kenako jeti ya gasi imawomba zinthu zosungunuka kuchokera mu kerf kupeŵa kufunika kowonjezera kutentha kwa zinthuzo.Zida zodulidwa ndi njirayi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zitsulo.

Thermal stress cracking
Zida za Brittle zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuphulika kwa kutentha, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwa kutentha.Mtsinje umayang'ana pamwamba ndikupangitsa kutentha komweko komanso kukulitsa kutentha.Izi zimabweretsa ming'alu yomwe imatha kutsogozedwa ndikusuntha mtengowo.Mng'alu ukhoza kusunthidwa motsatira m/s.Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito podula galasi.

Kudulira mwachinsinsi kwa silicon wafers
Zambiri: Kudulira kophika
Kupatukana kwa tchipisi tating'onoting'ono monga momwe takonzekera muzopangira zida za semiconductor kuchokera ku zowotcha za silicon zitha kuchitidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa kuti dicing dicing, zomwe zimagwira ntchito ndi pulsed Nd:YAG laser, kutalika kwake komwe (1064 nm) kumasinthidwa bwino ndi zamagetsi. kusiyana kwa silicon (1.11 eV kapena 1117 nm).

Reactive kudula
Amatchedwanso "kuwotcha okhazikika laser gasi kudula", "lawi kudula".Kudula kokhazikika kuli ngati kudula muuni wa oxygen koma ndi mtengo wa laser ngati gwero loyatsira.Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudula zitsulo za carbon mu makulidwe oposa 1 mm.Izi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito podula mbale zachitsulo zokhuthala kwambiri ndi mphamvu zochepa za laser.

Tolerances ndi kumaliza pamwamba
Odula laser ali ndi malo olondola a ma 10 ma micrometer ndi kubwereza kwa ma micrometer 5. [zofunikira]

Standard roughness Rz imawonjezeka ndi makulidwe a pepala, koma imachepa ndi mphamvu ya laser komanso kuthamanga.Mukadula chitsulo chochepa cha carbon ndi mphamvu ya laser ya 800 W, roughness Rz ndi 10 μm pa pepala makulidwe a 1 mm, 20 μm 3 mm, ndi 25 μm 6 mm.

{\displaystyle Rz={\frac {12.528\cdot S^{0.542}}{P^{0.528}\cdot V^{0.322}}}}{\displaystyle Rz={\frac {12.528\cdot S^{0.542} }}{P^{0.528}\cdot V^{0.322}}}}
Kumene: {\ chiwonetsero chazithunzi S=}S= makulidwe achitsulo mu mm;{\ displaystyle P=}P= mphamvu ya laser mu kW (odula laser atsopano ali ndi mphamvu ya laser ya 4 kW);{\displaystyle V=}V= kuthamanga kwa mita pamphindi imodzi.[16]

Njirayi imatha kugwira zololera zapafupi, nthawi zambiri mpaka mkati mwa 0.001 inchi (0.025 mm).Gawo la geometry ndi kumveka bwino kwamakina kumakhudzana kwambiri ndi kulekerera.Kutsirizira kwapamwamba komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kudula mitengo ya laser kumatha kukhala kuyambira 125 mpaka 250 mainchesi yaying'ono (0.003 mm mpaka 0.006 mm).[11]

Zosintha zamakina

Dual-pallet flying Optics laser

Flying Optics laser mutu
Pali zambiri masanjidwe atatu osiyana mafakitale laser kudula makina: kusuntha zakuthupi, wosakanizidwa, ndi machitidwe zowuluka Optics.Izi zikutanthauza momwe mtengo wa laser umasunthidwira pamwamba pa zinthu zomwe zimadulidwa kapena kukonzedwa.Pa zonsezi, nkhwangwa zoyenda nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa X ndi Y axis.Ngati mutu wodula ukhoza kuyendetsedwa, umasankhidwa ngati Z-axis.

Kusuntha zakuthupi lasers ndi yoyima kudula mutu ndi kusuntha zinthu pansi pake.Njirayi imapereka mtunda wokhazikika kuchokera ku jenereta ya laser kupita ku workpiece ndi malo amodzi omwe amachotsa madzi odula.Zimafunikira ma optics ochepa, koma zimafunikira kusuntha chogwirira ntchito.Makina amtunduwu amakhala ndi ma optics ochepa kwambiri operekera mitengo, komanso amakhala ochedwa kwambiri.

Ma laser ophatikizika amapereka tebulo lomwe limayenda mumzere umodzi (nthawi zambiri ndi X-axis) ndikusuntha mutu motsatira njira yayifupi (Y).Izi zimabweretsa kutalika kwa njira yoperekera matabwa kuposa makina owuluka ndipo zitha kuloleza njira yosavuta yoperekera matabwa.Izi zitha kupangitsa kuchepa kwamphamvu kwamagetsi pamakina operekera komanso mphamvu zambiri pa watt kuposa makina owuluka a optics.

Ma laser a Flying Optics amakhala ndi tebulo loyima ndi mutu wodulira (wokhala ndi mtengo wa laser) womwe umayenda pamwamba pa chogwirira ntchito mumiyeso yonse yopingasa.Odulira optics owuluka amasunga chogwiriracho kuti chisasunthike panthawi yokonza ndipo nthawi zambiri safuna kukakamiza.Kusuntha kwamphamvu kumakhala kosasintha, kotero kuti mphamvu sizimakhudzidwa ndi kukula kosiyanasiyana kwa workpiece.Makina owuluka owoneka bwino ndi othamanga kwambiri, omwe amakhala opindulitsa podula zoonda kwambiri. [17]

Makina owuluka amayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira ina kuti aganizire kusintha kwa kutalika kwa mtengo kuchokera pafupi ndi munda (pafupi ndi resonator) kudula kupita kumunda wakutali (kutali kwambiri ndi resonator).Njira zodziwika bwino zothanirana ndi izi ndizophatikizana, ma adaptive optics kapena kugwiritsa ntchito nsonga yokhazikika.

Makina asanu ndi asanu ndi limodzi olumikizira amalolanso kudula zida zopangidwa.Kuphatikiza apo, pali njira zingapo zowongolera mtengo wa laser ku chojambula chowoneka bwino, kukhalabe ndi mtunda wolunjika komanso kuima kwa nozzle, ndi zina zambiri.

Kuthamanga
Ma lasers a pulsed omwe amapereka kuphulika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwakanthawi kochepa amakhala othandiza kwambiri munjira zina zodulira laser, makamaka kuboola, kapena ngati mabowo ang'onoang'ono kapena otsika kwambiri amathamanga, chifukwa ngati mtengo wa laser wokhazikika udagwiritsidwa ntchito, kutentha kukhoza kufika posungunula chidutswa chonsecho.

Ma lasers ambiri ogulitsa amatha kugunda kapena kudula CW (mafunde opitilira) pansi pa NC (kuwongolera manambala) pulogalamu.

Ma lasers a Double pulse amagwiritsa ntchito ma pulse pairs kuti apititse patsogolo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimachotsedwa komanso mtundu wa dzenje.Kwenikweni, kugunda koyamba kumachotsa zinthu kuchokera pamwamba ndipo chachiwiri kumalepheretsa ejecta kumamatira kumbali ya dzenje kapena kudula.[18]